WAbd al-Raḥmān III, also known as 'Abd al-Rahmān ibn Muḥammad ibn 'Abd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ibn 'Abd al-Raḥmān ibn al-Ḥakam al-Rabdī ibn Hishām ibn 'Abd al-Raḥmān al-Dākhil, was the Umayyad Emir of Córdoba from 912 to 929, at which point he founded the Caliphate of Córdoba, serving as its first Caliph until his death. 'Abd al-Raḥmān won the laqab (sobriquet) al-Nasir li-Dīn Allāh – Defender of God's Faith – in his early 20s when he supported the Maghrawa in North Africa against Fatimid expansion and rose to the Caliphate. His half-century reign (912–961) of al-Andalus – Muslim Iberian Spain – was known for its religious tolerance.
WMax James Emden was a German Jewish businessman, philanthropist and art collector whose properties, including valuable paintings, have been the object of Nazi era restitution claims. The manner in which his legacy has been handled has sparked a debate in Germany about the erasure of information concerning the Nazi era and inspired films about his life.
WThomas Wiltberger Evans was an American dentist. He performed dental procedures on many heads of state, including Napoleon III, and received numerous medals for his dentistry, including the Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur. He is noted for popularizing a number of techniques that have since become standard, including the use of amalgam fillings and of nitrous oxide.
WFerdinand van den Eynde, 1st Marquess of Castelnuovo was an Italian nobleman and magnate of Flemish descent. He was the son of Jan van den Eynde, and the father of Elisabeth van den Eynde, Princess of Belvedere and Baroness of Gallicchio and Missanello and Jane (Giovanna) van den Eynde, Princess of Galatro and Sonnino. He should not be confused with his namesake and uncle Ferdinand van den Eynde.
WDame Jennifer Barbara Gibbs is a New Zealand philanthropist and art collector, and in 2007 was described as "the most constant champion of contemporary art in New Zealand."
WLucien Désiré Prosper Graux known as Lucien Graux (1878-1944) was a French doctor, entrepreneur, art collector, bibliophile, writer, publisher and resistance fighter. He launched the Arys perfume house (1916-1950).
WAugusta ("Aga") Clara Elisabeth Gräfin vom Hagen was a German painter, author and art patron.
WJan van den Eynde or Vandeneynden was a prominent Netherlandish merchant, banker, art collector, and patron of the arts. He was brother to Flemish merchant, art collector and art dealer Ferdinand van den Eynde, and father of the latter's namesake Ferdinand van den Eynde, Marquess of Castelnuovo. Van den Eynde's granddaughters were Elisabeth van den Eynde, Princess of Belvedere and Baroness of Gallicchio and Missanello, and Jane (Giovanna) van den Eynde, Princess of Galatro and Sonnino.
WGrace Nail Johnson was an African-American civil rights activist and patron of the arts associated with the Harlem Renaissance, and wife of the writer and politician James Weldon Johnson. Johnson was the daughter of John Bennett Nail, a wealthy businessman and civil rights activist. She is known for her involvement with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Heterodoxy Club, and many other African-American and Feminist organizations. Johnson also supported and promoted African-American children's literature.
WOsman Kavala is a Turkish businessperson, rights defender, philanthropist and political prisoner. Kavala has supported numerous civil society organizations since the early 1990s. He is the founder and chair of the board of directors of Anadolu Kültür, a nonprofit arts and culture organization based in Istanbul. In 2019, he received the 21st European Archaeological Heritage Prize by the European Association of Archaeologists for his efforts to protect and preserve significant examples of cultural heritage in danger in Turkey. In 2019, he also received the 17th Ayşenur Zarakolu Freedom of Thought and Expression Award by Human Rights Association Istanbul branch.
WElizabeth, Lady K(i|y)tson born Lady Elizabeth Cornwallis was an English music patron. She lived and managed Hengrave Hall in Suffolk where she and her husband employed personal musicians and created a music collection.
WRaoul Albert La Roche was a Swiss banker and art collector. He was especially interested in purism and cubism and his collections have been donated to museums in Switzerland and France. His home in Paris, Maison La Roche, was designed by his friend Le Corbusier and now houses the Le Corbusier Foundation.
WLudwig II was King of Bavaria from 1864 until his death in 1886. He is sometimes called the Swan King or der Märchenkönig. He also held the titles of Count Palatine of the Rhine, Duke of Bavaria, Duke of Franconia, and Duke in Swabia.
WIvan Stepanovych Mazepa served as the Hetman of Zaporizhian Host in 1687–1708. He was awarded a title of Prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1707 for his efforts for the Holy League. The historical events of Mazepa's life have inspired many literary, artistic and musical works. He was famous as a patron of the arts.
WAdolphe Merkle was a Swiss entrepreneur and patron of the sciences.
WFrida Mond (1847–1923) was a German-born patron of the arts, who gave significant bequests to the British Academy and King's College London, during her lifetime and upon her death.