48 Russification

Alexander III was Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 13 March 1881 until his death in 1894. He was highly reactionary and reversed some of the liberal reforms of his father, Alexander II. Under the influence of Konstantin Pobedonostsev (1827–1907), he opposed any reform that limited his autocratic rule. During his reign, Russia fought no major wars; he was therefore styled "The Peacemaker".

Bakhmut in 1924-2016: Artemivsk/Artyomovsk/Artemovsk/Arteomovsk, is a city of regional significance in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine. On 4 February 2016 the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine confirmed the name change of the city by returning to the original one. The city serves as an administrative center of Bakhmut Raion although it does not belong to the raion. It is located on the Bakhmutka River about 89 km away from the administrative center of the Donetsk Oblast, Donetsk. Population: 73,212 (2020 est.)

Nikolay Ivanovich Bobrikov was a Russian general and politician. He was the Governor-General of Finland and the Finnish Military District from 29 August [O.S. 17] 1898 to 16 June [O.S. ] 1904 during the early reign of Emperor Nicholas II, and was responsible for the Russification of Finland. After appointment as the governor-general, he quickly became very unpopular and was assassinated by Eugen Schauman, a Finnish nationalist born in Kharkov.

Budyonnivskyi District is an urban district of the city of Donetsk, Ukraine, named after Marshal of the Soviet Union Semyon Mikhailovich Budyonny.

Dnipro, previously called Dnipropetrovsk from 1926 until May 2016, is Ukraine's fourth-largest city, with about one million inhabitants. It is located in the central-eastern part of Ukraine, 391 kilometres (243 mi) southeast of the Ukrainian capital Kyiv on the Dnieper River, after which it is named. Dnipro is the administrative centre of the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast. Administratively, it is incorporated as a city of oblast significance, the centre of Dnipro municipality and extraterritorial administrative centre of Dnipro Raion. It has a population of 990,724 (2020 est.).

Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, is an oblast (province) of central and eastern Ukraine, the most important industrial region of the country. It was created on February 27, 1932. Dnipropetrovsk Oblast has a population of about 3,176,648 (2020 est.) , approximately 80% of whom live centering on administrative center of Dnipro, Kryvyi Rih, Kamianske, Nikopol and Pavlohrad. The Dnipro River (Dnieper) runs through the oblast. In 2019, the Constitutional Court of Ukraine approved the change of the oblast's name to Sicheslav Oblast.

The Ems Ukaz or Ems Ukase, was a secret decree (ukaz) of Tsar Alexander II of Russia issued in 1876, banning the use of the Ukrainian language in print, with the exception of reprinting of old documents. The ukaz also forbade the import of Ukrainian publications and the staging of plays or lectures in Ukrainian. It was named after the city of Bad Ems, Germany, where it was promulgated.

Іrmino is a city in Stakhanov Municipality, Luhansk Oblast (region) of Ukraine. Population: 9,389 (2020 est.) , 10,044 (2013 est.) . From 1977 to 2010 the city was named Teplohirsk.

Kalininskyi District is an urban district of the city of Donetsk, Ukraine, named after a Soviet political figure Mikhail Kalinin.

Kalininskyi District is an urban district of the city of Horlivka, Ukraine, named after a Soviet political figure Mikhail Kalinin.

Kamianske (Ukrainian: Кам'янське, IPA: [kɐmjɐnʲˈsʲkɛ], formerly Dniprodzerzhynsk and Beregkovesd, is an industrial city in the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast of Ukraine and a port on the Dnieper. Administratively, it is incorporated within Kamianske municipality as a city of oblast significance. Population: 231,915

Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev led the Soviet Union as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 and as chairman of the country's Council of Ministers from 1958 to 1964. During his rule, Khrushchev presided over the beginning of De-Stalinization, the technological breakthroughs of the early Soviet space program, and enactment of relatively liberal reforms in domestic policy. Ultimately, in 1964, he was removed from power by colleagues in the Party leadership and replaced by Leonid Brezhnev as First Secretary and Alexei Kosygin as Premier.

Kirovsk is a city in Luhansk Oblast (province) of Ukraine. It is incorporated as a city of oblast significance. Population: 26,967 (2020 est.) , 28,529 (2013 est.) .

Kirovskyi District is an urban district of the city of Donetsk, Ukraine, named after a mayor of the Russian city Saint Petersburg Sergei Kirov.

Krasnodon is a city in Luhansk Oblast (region) of eastern Ukraine. It is incorporated as a city of oblast significance and serves as the administrative center of Krasnodon Raion (district), though it does not belong to the raion. Its population is approximately 42,774 (2020 est.) .

Krasnodon Raion was a raion (district) in Luhansk Oblast of eastern Ukraine. The raion was abolished on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Luhansk Oblast to eight. However, since 2014 the raion was not under control of Ukrainian government and has been part of the Luhansk People's Republic which continues using it as an administrative unit. The administrative center of the raion is the city of Krasnodon, which previously was incorporated as a city of oblast significance and did not belong to the raion, but in 2015 was merged into the raion. The last estimate of the raion population, reported by the Ukrainian government, was 28,943 (2020 est.) .

Krasnohrad or Krasnograd is a city in Kharkiv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. From 1784 to 1922, it was known as Kostyantynohrad or Konstantingrad. It serves as the administrative center of Krasnohrad Raion. In 2020, the population was estimated to be 20,272 (2020 est.)

Khrustalny or Krasnyi Luch is a city in the Luhansk Oblast (province) of south-eastern Ukraine, currently controlled by the Luhansk People's Republic. It is incorporated as a city of oblast significance. Its population is approximately 79,957 (2020 est.) .

Kuibyshevskyi District is an urban district of the city of Donetsk, Ukraine, named after a Soviet political figure Valerian Kuybyshev.

Leninskyi District is an urban district of Donetsk, Ukraine, named after a Soviet political figure Vladimir Lenin.

The Lithuanian press ban was a ban on all Lithuanian language publications printed in the Latin alphabet in force from 1865 to 1904 within the Russian Empire, which controlled Lithuania at the time. Lithuanian-language publications that used Cyrillic were allowed and even encouraged.

Alexander Grigoryevich Lukashenko or Alyaksandr Ryhoravich Lukashenka is a Belarusian politician who has served as the first and only president of Belarus since the establishment of the office on 20 July 1994. Prior to his political career, Lukashenko worked as director of a state farm (sovkhoz), and served in the Soviet Border Troops and in the Soviet Army.

Lyman, formerly Krasnyi Lyman is a city in Donetsk Oblast (province) of Ukraine. Administratively, it is incorporated as a city of oblast significance. Until 2016, it also served as the administrative center of Lyman Raion, though it was not a part of the raion. It still serves as the center of Lyman hromada. Population: 20,768 (2020 est.) ; 28,172 (2001).

Count Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov was a Russian imperial statesman of the 19th century, most known for his putting down Polish-Lithuanian uprisings, and subsequent cultural and social depolonization of Northwestern Krai. He should not be confused with his grandson, Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov, who served as Russian Foreign Minister between 1897 and 1900.

Nicholas I reigned as Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 1825 until 1855. He was the third son of Paul I and younger brother of his predecessor, Alexander I. Nicholas inherited his brother's throne despite the failed Decembrist revolt against him. He is mainly remembered in history as a reactionary whose controversial reign was marked by geographical expansion, economic growth and massive industrialisation on the one hand, and centralisation of administrative policies and repression of dissent on the other. Nicholas had a happy marriage that produced a large family; all of their seven children survived childhood.

Oleshky is a city in Kherson Oblast (province) of Ukraine, located on the left bank of the Dnieper River. It is the oldest city of the oblast and one of the oldest in the southern Ukraine. Oleshky serves as the administrative center of Oleshky Raion. Population: 24,520 (2020 est.)

Pan-Slavism, a movement which crystallized in the mid-19th century, is the political ideology concerned with the advancement of integrity and unity for the Slavic peoples. Its main impact occurred in the Balkans, where non-Slavic empires had ruled the South Slavs for centuries. These were mainly the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice.

Pervomaisk is a city in Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine, on the left bank of the Luhan river. Since 2014, the city is controlled by the self-proclaimed Luhansk People's Republic. Population: 36,529 (2020 est.) , 38,435 (2013 est.) . As of 2001, the population was 38,800. Northeast of Pervomaisk, there is the static inverter plant of HVDC Volgograd-Donbass.

Pervomaiskyi is a city in Kharkiv Oblast (province) of Ukraine, formerly known as Likhachove. Administratively, it is incorporated as a city of oblast significance. It also serves as the administrative center of Pervomaiskyi Raion though administratively it does not belong to the raion. It is the fourth largest city in Kharkiv Oblast.

Pokrovsk Raion, formerly Krasnoarmiisk Raion is a raion (district) within Donetsk Oblast in eastern Ukraine. Its administrative center is Pokrovsk, which is incorporated separately as a city of oblast significance and does not belong to the raion. Its area is 1,316 km2 (508 sq mi) and its population is approximately 29,449 (2020 est.) .

Pokrovsk is a city in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine. Administratively, it is incorporated as a city of oblast significance. It serves as the administrative center of the Pokrovsk Raion, though it is not part of the raion. Its population is approximately 61,770 (2020 est.) .

The Russian conquest of Siberia took place in the 16th and 17th centuries, when the Khanate of Sibir became a loose political structure of vassalages that were being undermined by the activities of Russian explorers. Although outnumbered, the Russians pressured the various family-based tribes into changing their loyalties and establishing distant forts from which they conducted raids. To counter this, Kuchum Khan attempted to centralize his rule by imposing Islam on his subjects and reforming his tax-collecting apparatus.

Russian is the most common first language in the Donbass and Crimea regions of Ukraine, and the predominant language in large cities in the east and south of the country. The usage and status of the language is the subject of political disputes and (as of 2021 Ukrainian is the country's only state language. Nevertheless, Russian is a widely used language in Ukraine in pop culture and in informal and business communication.

Russification of Belarus is a policy of replacing the use of the Belarusian language and the presence of the Belarusian culture and mentality in various spheres of Belarusian public life by the corresponding Russian analogs. Russification is one of the two major reasons of insufficient adoption of the Belarusian language by Belarusians, another being the Polonization.

The policy of Russification of Finland was a governmental policy of the Russian Empire aimed at limiting the special status of the Grand Duchy of Finland and possibly the termination of its political autonomy and cultural uniqueness in 1899–1905 and in 1908–1917. It was a part of a larger policy of Russification pursued by late 19th–early 20th century Russian governments which tried to abolish cultural and administrative autonomy of non-Russian minorities within the empire.

The Russification of Ukraine was a body of laws, decrees, and other actions undertaken by the Imperial Russian and later Soviet authorities to strengthen Russian national, political and linguistic positions in Ukraine.

Sievierodonetsk, Sieverodonetsk or Severodonetsk is a city in the Luhansk Oblast of Ukraine. Sievierodonetsk has the status of a city of regional significance, It is located nearby the Seversky Donets River, approximately 110 km (68 mi) to the north north west from the Oblast capital, Luhansk. Sievierodonetsk is the acting administrative centre of Luhansk Oblast due to Luhansk being temporarily controlled by self-proclaimed "Luhansk People's Republic", which is beyond the control of the Government of Ukraine, similarly to Kramatorsk acting as the administrative center of Donetsk Oblast during the Russo-Ukrainian War - their previous cities are still de jure administrative centres. Its population is approximately 102,396 (2020 est.) .

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was the ruler of the Soviet Union from 1927 until 1953. He served as both General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1952) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (1941–1953). Despite initially governing the country as part of a collective leadership, he ultimately consolidated power to become the Soviet Union's de facto dictator by the 1930s. A communist ideologically committed to the Leninist interpretation of Marxism, Stalin formalised these ideas as Marxism–Leninism while his own policies are known as Stalinism.

Sverdlovsk Raion is a raion (district) in Luhansk Oblast in eastern Ukraine. The administrative center of the raion is the town of Sverdlovsk, which is incorporated separately as a city of oblast significance and does not belong to the raion. Since 2014 the raion was not under control of Ukrainian government and has been part of the Luhansk People's Republic which continues using it as an administrative unit. The administrative center of the raion is the city of Sverdlovsk, which previously was incorporated as a city of oblast significance and did not belong to the raion, but in 2015 was merged into the raion. The last estimate of the raion population, reported by the Ukrainian government, was 11,644 (2020 est.) , 12,039 (2013 est.) .

Sverdlovsk is a city in Luhansk Oblast (region) of south-eastern Ukraine on the border with the Russian Federation. Serving as the administrative center of Sverdlovsk Raion (district), the city itself is incorporated as a city of oblast significance, does not belong to the raion, and is located approximately 80 km from the oblast capital, Luhansk. On 12 May 2016 it was renamed Dovzhansk by the Ukrainian government as part of decommunization. The city is controlled by the self-declared Luhansk People's Republic and the name change has not been enforced. Its population is estimated to be 63,184 (2020 est.).

The Valuev Circular of 18 July 1863 was a secret decree (ukaz) of the Minister of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire Pyotr Valuev (Valuyev) by which a large portion of the publications in the Ukrainian language was forbidden, with the belles lettres works.

Count Pyotr Aleksandrovich Valuev; Russian: Пётр Алекса́ндрович Валу́ев was a Russian statesman and writer.

Vatutine is a city in Zvenyhorodka Raion, Cherkasy Oblast (region) of Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Vatutine urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: 16,200 (2020 est.)

Voroshylovskyi District is an urban district of Donetsk, Ukraine, named after Marshal of the Soviet Union Kliment Yefremovich Voroshilov.

Yuzhne is a port city in Odessa Raion, Odessa Oblast (province) of south-western Ukraine. It is situated on the country's Black Sea coast. Population: 32,724 (2020 est.)

Yuzhnoukrainsk is a city in Mykolaiv Oblast, Ukraine. It is incorporated as a city of oblast significance. Population: 39,404 (2020 est.)

Zalizne (Ukrainian: Залізне, formerly Artemove is a city in Toretsk municipality, Donetsk Oblast of Ukraine. Population: 5,105 ; 6,725.

Zuhres is a city in Khartsyzk municipality, Donetsk Oblast (province) of Ukraine. Population: 17,956 (2020 est.) ; 18,553 (2013 est.) ; 19,859 (2001).