
A neuroscientist is a scientist who has specialised knowledge in the field of neuroscience, the branch of biology that deals with the physiology, biochemistry, psychology, anatomy and molecular biology of neurons and neural circuits and especially their association with behaviour and learning.

The following is a list of women neuroscientists by nationality – notable women who are well known for their work in the field of neuroscience.

Margarita Behrens is a neuroscientist and biochemist. She is currently an associate professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies where her lab studies the impact of oxidative stress on the post-natal brain through probing the biology of fast-spiking parvalbumin interneurons in models of schizophrenia.

Denise Cai is an Assistant Professor of Neuroscience at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.

BJ Casey is an American psychologist who is a Professor of Psychology and Affiliated Professor of the Justice Collaboratory and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program at Yale University where she directs the Fundamentals of the Adolescent Brain (FAB) Lab.
Alexander Stanislavovich Dogiel, was a Russian histologist and neuroscientist. The cells of Dogiel, bipolar neurons of the spinal ganglia, are named after him.

Kafui Dzirasa is an American psychiatrist and Associate Professor at Duke University. He looks to understand the relationship between neural circuit malfunction and mental illness. He is a 2019 AAAS Leshner Fellow.

Michela Gallagher is an American cognitive psychologist and neuroscientist. She is the Krieger-Eisenhower Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience at Johns Hopkins University. Her scientific work has changed the model of neurocognitive aging, and developed new indices for its study. Previously, work had focused on neurodegeneration as a primary cause of memory loss.

Wulfram Gerstner is a German and Swiss computational neuroscientist. His research focuses on neural spiking patterns in neural networks, and their connection to learning, spatial representation and navigation. Since 2006 Gerstner has been a full professor of Computer Science and Life Sciences at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), where he also serves as a Director of the Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience.

Kanaka Rajan is a neuroscientist and Assistant Professor in the Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City. Rajan trained in engineering, biophysics, and neuroscience, and has pioneered novel methods and models to understand how the brain processes sensory information. Her research seeks to understand how important cognitive functions — such as learning, remembering, and deciding — emerge from the cooperative activity of multi-scale neural processes, and how those processes are affected by various neuropsychiatric disease states. The resulting integrative theories about the brain bridge neurobiology and artificial intelligence.

Masakazu "Mark" Konishi was a Japanese neurobiologist, known for his research on the neuroscience underlying the behavior of owls and songbirds.

Lim Kah Leong, is a Singaporean neuroscientist and tenured full Professor and Vice Dean (Research) at the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University. He was previously Chair of the Department of Physiology at the National University of Singapore, Singapore and the deputy director for research at the National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore. Dr. Lim is known for his research in Parkinson's Disease. His research focuses on unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative diseases, with the view to develop novel therapies aimed at effectively treating the disease.

Bita Moghaddam is an Iranian-American neuroscientist as well as a Professor of Behavioral Neuroscience and the Chair of the Department of Behavioral Neuroscience at Oregon Health and Science University. Moghaddam investigates the neuronal processes underlying emotion and cognition as a first step to designing strategies to treat and prevent brain illnesses.

Pavan Ramdya is an American neuroscientist and bioengineer. His research centers on understanding the neuromechanical control of behavior and its application to robotics and artificial intelligence in neurosciences. He holds the Firmenich Next Generation Chair in neuroscience and bioengineering at EPFL, and is head of the Neuroengineering Laboratory at EPFL's School of Life Sciences.

Peter H. Schiller is a professor emeritus of Neuroscience in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He is well known for his work on the behavioral, neurophysiological and pharmacological studies of the primate visual and oculomotor systems.

Emon Shakoor is a neuroscience researcher turned a technology entrepreneur
Catherine Vidal is a French neurobiologist, feminist and essayist. She is the author of popular science books in the field of cognitive differences between genders.

Claire Julie Liliane Wyart is a French neuroscientist and biophysicist, studying the circuits underlying the control of locomotion. She is a chevalier of the Ordre National du Mérite.