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José Joaquim de Campos da Costa de Medeiros e Albuquerque was a Brazilian poet, politician, teacher, journalist, short story writer, civil servant, essayist, orator, novelist and dramatist. He is famous for writing the lyrics of the Brazilian Republic Anthem in 1890.

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Carlos Magalhães de Azeredo was a Brazilian poet, short story writer, diplomat and journalist. He founded and occupied the 9th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters, from 1897 until his death in 1963, thus being the academic that occupied his chair for the longest time and the youngest founder of the Academy.

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Manuel Antônio Álvares de Azevedo, affectionately called "Maneco" by his close friends, relatives and admirers, was a Brazilian Romantic poet, short story writer, playwright and essayist, considered to be one of the major exponents of Ultra-Romanticism and Gothic literature in Brazil. His works tend to play heavily with opposite notions, such as love and death, platonism and sarcasm, sentimentalism and pessimism, among others, and have a strong influence of Musset, Chateaubriand, Lamartine, Goethe and – above all – Byron.

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Adolfo Ferreira Caminha was a Brazilian Naturalist novelist, famous for his polemical novel Bom-Crioulo, which deals with race and homosexuality.

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Mariana Coelho was a Portuguese Brazilian educator, essayist and poet, and a feminist pioneer in Brazil.

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Adélia Josefina de Castro Fonseca was a Brazilian poet. Her parents were Justiniano de Castro Rebello and Adriana de Castro Rebello. She married Inácio Joaquim da Fonseca. She published her poems in newspapers and books, and was a constant collaborator with the Almanaque de lembranças luso-brasileiro. Towards the end of her life, she entered the Convent of Santa Teresa, in Rio de Janeiro, adopting the name of Mother Maria José de Jesús.

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Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis, often known by his surnames as Machado de Assis, Machado, or Bruxo do Cosme Velho, was a pioneer Brazilian novelist, poet, playwright and short story writer, widely regarded as the greatest writer of Brazilian literature. Nevertheless, Assis did not achieve widespread popularity outside Brazil during his lifetime. In 1897 he founded and became the first President of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. He was multilingual, having taught himself French, English, German and Greek in later life.

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Alfredo Maria Adriano d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay, was a French Brazilian writer, musician, professor, military engineer, historian, politician, sociologist and nobleman. He is famous for the Regionalist novel Inocência, considered a major forerunner of Naturalism in Brazil, and for A Retirada da Laguna, an account of an episode in the war against Paraguay. The Brazilianist Leslie Bethell has described it as "the one undoubted literary masterpiece produced by the Paraguayan War".