Amadeus VIII, Duke of SavoyW
Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy

Amadeus VIII was a Savoyard nobleman, the son of Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy and Bonne of Berry. He was surnamed the Peaceful. After the death of his father in 1391, his mother acted as a regent, because of his youth. He was a claimant to the papacy from 1439 to 1449 as Felix V in opposition to Eugene IV and Nicholas V, and is considered the last historical antipope.

Amadeus IX, Duke of SavoyW
Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy

Amadeus IX, nicknamed the Happy, was the Duke of Savoy from 1465 to 1472. The Catholic Church venerates him with a liturgical feast on March 30.

Charles I, Duke of SavoyW
Charles I, Duke of Savoy

Charles I, surnamed the Warrior, was the Duke of Savoy from 1482 to 1490 and titular king of Cyprus, Jerusalem, and Armenia from 1485 to 1490.

Charles III, Duke of SavoyW
Charles III, Duke of Savoy

Charles III of Savoy, often called Charles the Good, was Duke of Savoy from 1504 to 1553, although most of his lands were ruled by the French between 1536 and his death.

Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of SavoyW
Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy

Charles Emmanuel I, known as the Great, was the Duke of Savoy from 1580 to 1630. He was nicknamed Testa d'feu for his rashness and military aggression.

Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of SavoyW
Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy

Charles Emmanuel II ; 20 June 1634 – 12 June 1675) was the Duke of Savoy from 1638 to 1675 and under regency of his mother Christine of France until 1648. He was also Marquis of Saluzzo, Count of Aosta, Geneva, Moriana and Nice, as well as claimant king of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia. At his death in 1675 his second wife Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Savoy-Nemours acted as Regent for their nine-year-old son.

Charles Emmanuel III of SardiniaW
Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia

Charles Emmanuel III was the Duke of Savoy and King of Sardinia from 1730 until his death.

Charles II, Duke of SavoyW
Charles II, Duke of Savoy

Charles II or Charles John Amadeus, was the Duke of Savoy from 1490 to 1496 but his mother Blanche of Montferrat (1472-1519) was the actual ruler as a regent. In 1485 his father Charles I had received the hereditary rights to the Kingdoms of Cyprus, Jerusalem, and Armenia which were inherited by young Charles.

Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of SavoyW
Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy

Emmanuel Philibert was Duke of Savoy from 1553 to 1580. He is remembered for the Italianization of the House of Savoy, as he recovered the savoyard state following the Battle of St. Quentin (1557) and subsequently moved the capital to Turin and made Italian the official language in Piedmont.

Francis Hyacinth, Duke of SavoyW
Francis Hyacinth, Duke of Savoy

Francis Hyacinth was the Duke of Savoy from 1637 to 1638 under regency of his mother Christine Marie.

Descendants of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of CastileW
Descendants of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile

Ferdinand II of Aragon's marriage to Isabella I of Castile produced many children, five of whom survived to adulthood. They arranged strategic political marriages for all of these children to powerful monarchs and well-connected women. In time, many of their grandchildren became emperors and kings of various countries, and their first and second generation of descendants caused the genealogical lines of Isabella I and Ferdinand II to spread throughout Europe.

Philibert I, Duke of SavoyW
Philibert I, Duke of Savoy

Philibert I, surnamed the Hunter, was the son of Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy and Yolande of Valois. Philibert was Duke of Savoy from 1472 to 1482.

Philibert II, Duke of SavoyW
Philibert II, Duke of Savoy

Philibert II, nicknamed the Handsome or the Good, was the Duke of Savoy from 1497 until his death.

Philip II, Duke of SavoyW
Philip II, Duke of Savoy

Philip II, surnamed the Landless, was the Duke of Savoy for a brief reign from 1496 to 1497.

Umberto II of ItalyW
Umberto II of Italy

Umberto II reigned as the last King of Italy. He reigned for 34 days, from 9 May 1946 to 12 June 1946, although he had been de facto head of state since 1944, and was nicknamed the May King.

Victor Amadeus II of SardiniaW
Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia

Victor Amadeus II was Duke of Savoy from 1675 to 1730. He also held the titles of marquis of Saluzzo, duke of Montferrat, prince of Piedmont and count of Aosta, Moriana and Nice.

Victor Amadeus III of SardiniaW
Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia

Victor Amadeus III was King of Sardinia from 1773 to his death. Although he was politically conservative, he carried out numerous administrative reforms until he declared war on Revolutionary France in 1792. He was the father of the last three mainline Kings of Sardinia.

Victor Amadeus I, Duke of SavoyW
Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy

Victor Amadeus I was the Duke of Savoy from 1630 to 1637. He was also known as the Lion of Susa.