W20th Anniversary of the Million Man March: Justice or Else, sometimes abridged as Justice or Else or stylized as Justice or Else!, was a rally held at the National Mall, in Washington, D.C., on October 10, 2015 to commemorate the twentieth anniversary of the Million Man March. The event was organized by Louis Farrakhan, and participants rallied in support of police reform and to raise awareness about discrimination against black people.
WThe 2020 United States racial unrest is an ongoing wave of civil unrest, comprising protests and riots, against percieved systemic racism towards black people in the United States, notably in the form of police violence. It is a part of the nationwide Black Lives Matter movement, and was initially triggered by the killing of George Floyd during his arrest by Minneapolis police officers on May 25. Following the death of George Floyd, unrest broke out in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area on May 26, and quickly spread across the entire United States. Within Minneapolis, widespread property destruction and looting occurred, including a police station being overrun by demonstrators and set on fire, leading to the Minnesota National Guard to be activated and deployed on May 28. After a week of unrest, over $500 million in property damage was reported in the Minneapolis—Saint Paul area.
WThe Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area in U.S. state of Minnesota experienced prolonged unrest in 2020 largely as a cultural reckoning on topics of racial injustice. A number of events occurred beginning soon after the killing of George Floyd, an unarmed African-American man, by a white Minneapolis police officer on May 25. The vast majority of protests over Floyd's death were characterized as peaceful events, however, Minneapolis–Saint Paul experienced widespread rioting, looting, and property destruction over a three-night period in late May that resulted in $500 million in property damage—the second most destructive period of unrest in United States history, after the 1992 Los Angeles riots.
WCongress enacted major amendments to the Voting Rights Act of 1965 in 1970, 1975, 1982, 1992, and 2006. Each of these amendments coincided with an impending expiration of some of the Act's special provisions, which originally were set to expire by 1970. However, in recognition of the voting discrimination that continued despite the Act, Congress repeatedly amended the Act to reauthorize the special provisions.
WSean Bell was shot in New York City, in the borough of Queens on November 25, 2006. Three men were shot when a total of 50 rounds were fired by New York City police (NYPD) in both plainclothes and undercover. Bell was killed on the morning before his wedding, and two of his friends, Trent Benefield and Joseph Guzman, were severely wounded. The incident sparked fierce criticism of the New York City Police Department from members of the public and drew comparisons to the 1999 killing of Amadou Diallo. Three of the five detectives involved in the shooting went to trial on charges of first- and second-degree manslaughter, first- and second-degree assault, and second-degree reckless endangerment; they were found not guilty.
WThe Black Arts Movement (BAM) was an African American-led art movement, active during the 1960s and 1970s. Through activism and art, BAM created new cultural institutions and conveyed a message of black pride.
WBlack Bike Week, also called Atlantic Beach Bikefest and Black Bikers Week, is an annual motorcycle rally in the Myrtle Beach, South Carolina area, held on Memorial Day weekend. It is also sometimes called Black Fill-in-the-Blank Week, because it has evolved to attract many non-motorcycling visitors who come for music, socializing and enjoying the beach. Events include motorcycle racing, concerts, parties, and street festivals. Called a "one-of-a-kind event" and "an exhibitionist's paradise" by Jeffrey Gettleman, Black Bike Week is "all about riding, styling and profiling," in the words of Mayor Irene Armstrong of Atlantic Beach, South Carolina.
WThe Black Liberation Army (BLA) was an underground Black Power revolutionary organization that operated in the United States from 1970 to 1981. Composed entirely of Black Panthers (BPP) who served as members of both groups, the organization's program was one of war against the United States government, and its stated goal was to "take up arms for the liberation and self-determination of black people in the United States." The BLA carried out a series of bombings, killings of police officers and drug dealers, robberies, and prison breaks.
WBlack Lives Matter (BLM) is a decentralized political and social movement advocating for non-violent civil disobedience in protest against incidents of police brutality and all racially motivated violence against black people. While there are specific organizations like the Black Lives Matter Global Network that label themselves simply as "Black Lives Matter", the Black Lives Matter movement comprises a broad array of people and organizations. The slogan "Black Lives Matter" itself remains untrademarked by any group. The broader movement and its related organizations typically advocate against police violence towards black people as well as for various other policy changes considered to be related to black liberation.
WThe history of black suffrage in the United States, or the right of African Americans to vote in elections, has had many advances and setbacks. Prior to the Civil War and the Reconstruction Amendments to the U.S. Constitution, some blacks in the United States were given the right to vote, but this right was often abridged or taken away. After 1870, blacks were theoretically equal before the law, but in the period between the end of Reconstruction era and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 this was frequently infringed in practice.
WThe Black Women's Defense League (BWDL) is a self-defense organization based in Dallas, Texas, United States.
WOn June 4, 2020, amid the George Floyd protests in New York state, police officers from the Buffalo Police Department pushed 75-year-old Martin Gugino during a confrontation in Buffalo's Niagara Square, causing him to fall to the ground which left him bleeding from the ear. Gugino was seriously injured, sustaining a brain injury, and was still unable to walk nearly two weeks later. He was hospitalized for nearly four weeks.
WThe Charleston church shooting was a mass shooting on June 17, 2015, in Charleston, South Carolina, in which nine African Americans were killed during a Bible study at the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church. Among those people who were killed was the senior pastor, state senator Clementa C. Pinckney; three victims survived. This church is one of the oldest black churches in the United States, and it has long been a center for organizing events which are related to civil rights.
WThe Civil Rights Act of 1991 is a United States labor law, passed in response to United States Supreme Court decisions that limited the rights of employees who had sued their employers for discrimination. The Act represented the first effort since the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to modify some of the basic procedural and substantive rights provided by federal law in employment discrimination cases. It provided the right to trial by jury on discrimination claims and introduced the possibility of emotional distress damages and limited the amount that a jury could award. It added provisions to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 protections expanding the rights of women to sue and collect compensatory and punitive damages for sexual discrimination or harassment.
WOn the evening of February 2, 2020, Alvin Cole, a 17-year-old male African-American, was shot by a Wauwatosa, Wisconsin black police officer Joseph Mensah on February 2, 2020, outside Mayfair Mall in Wauwatosa. This occurred after Cole refused a command from the police to drop the stolen gun he was holding and Cole fired a bullet as he tried to flee. Two shots were fired when Cole was on his hands and knees, and the remaining three shots were fired by Mensah while Cole was face down on the ground. Mensah was the only officer among the five other officers at the scene who fired his weapon. In his five years of being a police officer, Mensah has fired his weapon 19 times,
WThe "crack epidemic" in the United States was a surge of crack cocaine use in major cities across the United States between the early 1980s and the early 1990s. This resulted in a number of social consequences, such as increasing crime and violence in American inner city neighborhoods, as well as a resulting backlash in the form of tough on crime policies.
WA food desert is an area that has limited access to affordable and nutritious food, in contrast with an area with higher access to supermarkets or vegetable shops with fresh foods, which is called a food oasis. The designation considers the type and quality of food available to the population, in addition to the accessibility of the food through the size and proximity of the food stores.
WThe George Floyd protests were a series of police brutality protests that began in Minneapolis in the United States on May 26, 2020. Civil unrest and protests began as part of international responses to the death of George Floyd, a 46-year-old African-American man who was killed during an arrest after Derek Chauvin, a Minneapolis Police Department officer, knelt on Floyd's neck for nearly eight minutes as three other officers looked on and prevented passers-by from intervening. Chauvin and the other three officers involved were later arrested.
WThere have been a series of protests in California related to the killing of George Floyd on May 25, 2020 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, while in police custody. On May 31, 2020, the California Department of Human Resources advised "all state departments with offices in downtown city areas" to close on June 1.
WThe George Floyd protests are an ongoing series of protests and civil disturbances that initially started in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area of Minnesota, United States, before spreading nationwide. In Columbus, Ohio, unrest began on May 28, 2020, two days after incidents began in Minneapolis. The events are a reaction to the killing of George Floyd shortly after Minneapolis Police Department (MPD) officer Derek Chauvin knelt on his neck for 7 minutes and 46 seconds during an arrest the day before.
WThere have been a series of protests in Los Angeles County, California, related to the killing of George Floyd on May 25, 2020 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, while in police custody.
WThe George Floyd memorial site is an occupation protest at the intersection of East 38th Street and Chicago Avenue in Minneapolis, Minnesota United States. The street intersection is where George Floyd, an unarmed 46-year-old black man, was killed on May 25, 2020, by Derek Chauvin, a white Minneapolis police officer during an arrest outside the Cup Foods convenience store. The manner of Floyd's death, which was captured on video by a bystander and circulated widely in the media, sparked a global protest movement about police violence and structural racism.
WThe George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul are an ongoing series of protests that began on May 26, 2020. Protests in Minneapolis, also referred to as the Minneapolis riots or Minneapolis uprising, began as a response to the killing of George Floyd, a 46-year-old African-American man who died on May 25 the day after an arrest after Derek Chauvin, a Minneapolis Police Department officer, knelt on Floyd's neck for nearly eight minutes as three other officers assisted in the arrest. Unrest spilled over into Saint Paul, other locations in the Twin Cities metropolitan region, and throughout the U.S. state of Minnesota. Floyd's death and local unrest inspired a global protest movement against police brutality and racial inequality.
WStarting in May 2020, demonstrations over the police killing of George Floyd have been held in the city of Portland, Oregon, concurrent with protests in other cities in the United States and around the world. By July 2020, many of the protests, which had been held virtually every day since May 28, drew more than 1,000 participants. Protests continued into August, September, and October 2020, often drawing hundreds.
WRichmond, Virginia, experienced a series of protests in the wake of the killing of George Floyd. Richmond was the first city in the Southeastern United States to see rioting over Floyd's death. Richmond, formerly the capital of the short-lived Confederate States of America, saw much arson and vandalism to monuments connected with that polity, particularly along Monument Avenue.
WThere have been a series of protests in San Diego County, California, related to the killing of George Floyd on May 25, 2020 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, while in police custody.
WThere have been a series of protests in the San Francisco Bay Area related to the killing of George Floyd on May 25, 2020 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, while in police custody.
WThere have been a series of George Floyd protests in Virginia. Following the killing of George Floyd in police custody, protests spread from Minneapolis to other parts of the United States, including Virginia. Protests broke out in Richmond on the night of May 28 and spread to over 50 other cities over the following days.
WThe term ghetto riots, also termed ghetto rebellions, race riots, or negro riots refers to a series of summer uprisings across the United States in the 1960s, characterized by African American groups using violent tactics to secure social justice.
WThe Huey P. Newton Gun Club is a group named after Black Panther Party founder Huey P. Newton.
WThe King-assassination riots, also known as the Holy Week Uprising, was a wave of civil disturbance which swept the United States following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1968. Many believe it to be the greatest wave of social unrest the United States had experienced since the Civil War. Some of the biggest riots took place in Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Chicago, and Kansas City.
WKwanzaa is an annual celebration of African-American culture that is held from December 26 to January 1, culminating in a communal feast called Karamu, usually held on the 6th day. It was created by Dr. Maulana Karenga, based on African harvest festival traditions from various parts of Africa, including West and Southeast Africa. Kwanzaa was first celebrated in 1966.
WThe 1992 Los Angeles riots, sometimes called the 1992 Los Angeles uprising, were a series of riots and civil disturbances that occurred in Los Angeles County in April and May 1992. Unrest began in South Central Los Angeles on April 29, after a trial jury acquitted four officers of the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) for usage of excessive force in the arrest and beating of Rodney King, which had been videotaped and widely viewed in TV broadcasts.
WThe Million Man March was a large gathering of African-American men in Washington, D.C., on October 16, 1995. Called by Louis Farrakhan, it was held on and around the National Mall. The National African American Leadership Summit, a leading group of civil rights activists and the Nation of Islam working with scores of civil rights organizations, including many local chapters of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People formed the Million Man March Organizing Committee. The founder of the National African American Leadership Summit, Dr. Benjamin Chavis, Jr. served as National Director of the Million Man March.
WThe Minneapolis false rumors riot was a reaction to the suicide of a black man who was being pursued by police for his alleged involvement in a homicide on August 26, 2020, in the U.S. state of Minnesota. Unfounded rumors that Minneapolis police officers had shot the man set off a new round of protests, rioting, and looting in Minneapolis, which came as the city was still dealing with the aftermath of the killing of George Floyd, an unarmed African American man, by a white Minneapolis police officer three months prior. The homicide suspect, 38-year-old Eddie Sole Jr. of Minneapolis, died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head outside a downtown Target store. The Hennepin County Medical Examiner’s Office later listed his manner of death as a suicide, which was confirmed by surveillance footage.
WThe New Afrikan Black Panther Party (NABPP) is a Black Power and Maoist organization in the United States, largely based in prison and referred to as the New Afrikan Black Panther Party – Prison Chapter (NABPP-PC). The party is built as a modern-day continuation of the Black Panther Party prison chapter developed by George Jackson and W. L. Nolen.
WThe New Great Migration is the demographic change from 1970 to the present, which is a reversal of the previous 55-year trend of black migration within the United States. Since 1970, deindustrialization of cities in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States, growth of jobs in the "New South" with lower costs of living, family, kinship ties, improving racial relations and religions connections have all acted to attract African Americans to the Southern United States in substantial numbers. Between 1965 and 1970 the Southern States lost around 287,000 African-Americans, well from 1975 to 1980 the South United States had a net gain of 109,000 African-Americans showing the reversal of the original Great Migration. During this time ,1975 to 1980, several southern states were net African-American migration gainers, while in 2014, African-American millennials moved in the highest numbers to Texas, Georgia, Florida, and North Carolina. African-American populations have continued to drop throughout much of the Northeast, especially from the state of New York and northern New Jersey, as they rise in the South.
WThe Nuwaubian Nation or Nuwaubian movement is an American religious group founded and led by Dwight York, also known as Malachi Z. York. York began founding Black Muslim groups in New York in 1967. He changed his teachings and the names of his groups many times, incorporating concepts from Judaism, Christianity, and many esoteric beliefs.
WThe Peoples Temple of the Disciples of Christ, commonly shortened to Peoples Temple, was an American new religious movement which existed between 1955 and 1978. Originally founded in Indianapolis, Indiana by Reverend Jim Jones, the Peoples Temple spread a message that combined elements of Christianity with communist and socialist ideology, with an emphasis on racial equality. After Jones moved the group to California in the 1960s and established several locations throughout the state, including its headquarters in San Francisco, the Temple forged ties with many left-wing political figures and boasted 20,000 members.
WThe Pound Cake speech was given by Bill Cosby on May 17, 2004 during an NAACP Legal Defense Fund awards ceremony in Washington, D.C., to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision.
WThe Red House eviction defense is an occupation protest that began in September 2020 in the Humboldt neighborhood in the Albina district of of Portland, Oregon. The demonstration has occurred in the vicinity of a property that has become known as the "Red House", which is located on North Mississippi Avenue in the Humboldt neighborhood. After a Black and Indigenous family was evicted on December 8, 2020 after owning the house for 65 years, activists reclaimed the property, creating a barricaded area surrounding it. Police and demonstrators have clashed as police have tried to clear demonstrators from the area.
W"Sisters at Heart" is the thirteenth episode of the seventh season, and 213th episode overall, of the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) fantasy television sitcom Bewitched. This Christmas episode aired on ABC on December 24, 1970, and again the following December.
WThe Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee was the principal channel of student commitment in the United States to the Civil Rights Movement during the 1960s. Emerging in 1960 from the student-led sit-ins at segregated lunch counters in Greensboro, North Carolina and Nashville, Tennessee, the Committee sought to coordinate and assist direct-action challenges to the civic segregation and political exclusion of African Americans. From 1962, with the support of the Voter Education Project, SNCC committed to the registration and mobilization of black voters in the Deep South. Affiliates such as the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party and the Lowndes County Freedom Organization in Alabama increased dramatically the pressure on federal and state government to enforce constitutional protections. But by the mid-1960s the measured nature of the gains made, and the violence with which they were resisted, were generating dissent from the group's principles of non-violence, of white participation in the movement, and of field-driven, as opposed to national-office, leadership and direction. At the same time organizers were being lost to a de-segregating Democratic Party and to federally-funded anti-poverty programs. Following an aborted merger with the Black Panther Party in 1968, SNCC effectively dissolved. SNCC is nonetheless credited in its brief existence with breaking down barriers, both institutional and psychological, to the empowerment of African-American communities.
WUrban Beach Week is a hip-hop festival held in Miami's South Beach over the Memorial Day weekend since the 2000s. Urban Beach Week has been likened to a de facto continuation of Freaknik's cultural activities. The event has become known for its over-the-top parties and fashions.