
The Civic Democratic Party (ODS) leadership election of 2010 in the Czech Republic was a part of the party's congress. It was held after the party's unexpected victory in the legislative election. Petr Nečas was the only candidate in the election.
Municipal elections were held in the Czech Republic on 15 and 16 October. The Civic Democratic Party won the most seats, although it lost in Prague. The elections were a success for the Czech Social Democratic Party and TOP 09, and were considered a revival for the Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party.
The 2010 Central European floods were a devastating series of weather events which occurred across several Central European countries during May and June 2010. Poland was the worst affected. Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Slovakia, Serbia and Ukraine were also affected.

Senate elections were held in the Czech Republic for a third of the Czech Senate in October 2010. The first round was held on 15 and 16 October 2010, with a second round on 22 and 23 October 2010.

New START is a nuclear arms reduction treaty between the United States and the Russian Federation with the formal name of Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms. It was signed on 8 April 2010 in Prague, and, after ratification, entered into force on 5 February 2011. It is expected to last at least until 2021.

The Randy Blythe manslaughter case was a court case in the Czech Republic, stemming from a 2010 Lamb of God concert in Prague, wherein 19-year-old fan Daniel Nosek sustained head injuries leading to a coma and death. During the investigation, Czech police unsuccessfully asked United States authorities for cooperation. When the band returned to the Czech Republic for another concert two years later, its vocalist Randy Blythe was arrested, charged with causing Nosek's death, and remanded in custody for five weeks.

Czech Republic participated in the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore. It won six individual medals and one gold more in the mixed team event.

The Ústí nad Labem derailment occurred on 28 June 2010 when a CityElefant train derailed at Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic. The driver was killed and eleven passengers were injured.