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The Cyprus dwarf hippopotamus or Cypriot pygmy hippopotamus is an extinct species of hippopotamus that inhabited the island of Cyprus until the early Holocene.

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Hippopotamus antiquus, sometimes called the European hippopotamus, was a species of hippopotamus that ranged across Europe, becoming extinct some time before the last glacial period at the end of the Pleistocene epoch. Some scholars classify it as Hippopotamus amphibius antiquus, a subspecies of the modern common hippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius.

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The Cretan dwarf hippopotamus is an extinct species of hippopotamus from the island of Crete. Hippopopotamus colonized Crete probably 800,000 years ago and lived there during the Middle Pleistocene. Bones of H. creutzburgi were found by Dorothea Bate on the Katharo plateau, in eastern Crete, in the 1900s. A similar species, the Cyprus dwarf hippopotamus lived on the island of Cyprus until the Holocene. It was at least 20% smaller than either subspecies of Cretan hippo.

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Hippopotamus gorgops is an extinct species of hippopotamus. It first appeared in Africa during the late Pliocene, and eventually migrated into Europe during the early Pleistocene. It became extinct during the Middle Pleistocene. Fossil records found at Ubeidiya, Israel suggested that they migrated out of Africa around 1.6 million years ago. Some have speculated that H. gorgops and H. behemoth are actually the same species given their similar sizes and where they have been found

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Hippopotamus lemerlei, or the Malagasy dwarf hippopotamus, is an extinct species of Malagasy hippopotamus.

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Hippopotamus madagascariensis or Choeropsis/Hexaprotodon madagascariensis is a recently extinct species of Malagasy hippopotamus.

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Hippopotamus major or the giant European hippo is an extinct species of hippopotamus found in Pleistocene fossil sites in Europe and Great Britain. With an estimated mass of 4000 kg or more, H. major was on average larger than the modern Hippopotamus amphibius.

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Hippopotamus pentlandi is an extinct hippopotamus from Sicily. It arrived during the Pleistocene, in the Messinian salinity crisis. It is the largest of the insular dwarf hippos known from the Pleistocene of the Mediterranean, weighing in at 320 kg. It was present in Sicily until at least the latest Middle Pleistocene around 120 kya.

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Several species of Malagasy hippopotamus lived on the island of Madagascar but are now believed to be extinct. The animals were very similar to the extant hippopotamus and pygmy hippopotamus. The fossil record suggests that at least one species of hippopotamus lived until about 1,000 years ago and other evidence suggests that the species may have survived until much more recently. A non-fossilized skull and tusk were found in Madagascar in 2019 by biologist Forrest Galante and Primatologist Cortni Borgerson, and were dated to less than 200 years old, possibly even surviving into the present day. The taxonomy of these animals is not resolved and not widely studied. The various species are believed to have survived into the Holocene epoch.