47 Turkish history stubs

The 1971 Bingöl earthquake occurred at 18:44:02 local time on 22 May. It had a moment magnitude of 6.9 and a maximum intensity of VIII (Severe) on the Mercalli intensity scale, killing at least 755 people.

Mayoral elections were held in the Turkish province of Ankara as part of nationwide local elections on 31 March 2019. A total of 26 mayors, one for each of the 25 districts of Ankara and one for the Ankara Metropolitan Municipality, were be elected.

Mayoral elections were held in the Turkish province of İzmir as part of nationwide local elections on 31 March 2019. A total of 31 mayors, one for each of the 30 districts of İzmir and one for the İzmir Metropolitan Municipality, were elected.

The 1957 Abant earthquake occurred at 8:33am on 26 May, in Turkey. The earthquake had an estimated surface wave magnitude of 7.1 and a maximum felt intensity of IX (Violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale, causing 52 fatalities and 101 injuries. 5,000 houses were damaged as a result of the earthquake.

The 1943 Adapazarı–Hendek earthquake occurred at 17:32 local time on 20 June in Sakarya Province, Turkey. It registered an estimated 6.6 on the surface wave magnitude scale with a maximum intensity of IX (Violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale.

Ahmet Refik Altınay was a Turkish historian, academic, writer and poet, who gave history lectures at Darülfünun after the First World War.

The Balkan wars: 1912–13, was a series of articles published by Leon Trotsky in Russian newspaper “Kievskaja mysl” during the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913. In USSR Trotsky's war correspondence was republished as the sixth volume of his collected works under the title “The Balkans and the Balkan War”. English translation of the book appeared in 1980; in 1993, in connection with the Yugoslav wars, it was reissued as an important source on the history of the Balkan Peninsula.

Rıfat Osman Bey was a Turkish physician, writer and historian, who was one of the patriarchs of the pseudoscientific Sun Language Theory.

The 1944 Bolu–Gerede earthquake occurred at 05:22 local time on 1 February. The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of 7.5 Mw and a maximum felt intensity of IX–X (Violent–Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale. It ruptured part of the North Anatolian Fault, forming part of a progressive sequence of events that generally migrated westwards along the fault zone, starting with the 1939 Erzincan earthquake.

The 1855 Bursa earthquake occurred on 28 February, with an estimated magnitude of 7.02±0.64 Mw A devastating precursor quake that took place in Kemalpaşa, a town of Bursa, Turkey caused severe destruction all over Bursa and other neighboring cities. 300 people died and thousands of homes and workplaces were wrecked, and some of the historical monuments and buildings including mosques collapsed. Subsequently, fire spread out in the city, which increased the death toll.

Büyüknefes is a town established on the ruins of Tavium, capital city of the Galatians. There is a fountain located in the middle of the village. According to the inscription on the fountain, it dates back to 1843-1844. It is a rectangular fountain, made of grooved stone. It is also constructed out of ancient stone and re-used materials.

Over the centuries, Turkey has had many constitutions and can be characterized by the steady establishment of a nation-state, democratization and recognition of international law.

Convention between Italy and Turkey (1932)

The Convention between Italy and Turkey, signed in Ankara on January 4, 1932, by the Italian Plenipotentiary, Ambassador Pompeo Aloisi, and the Turkish foreign minister Tevfik Rüştü Aras, settled a dispute that had arisen in the aftermath of the Treaty of Lausanne of 1923, about the sovereignty over a number of small islets and the delimitation of the territorial waters between the coast of Anatolia and the island of Kastellórizo, which was an Italian possession since 1921.

The 1935 Digor earthquake occurred on 1 May at Digor, Kars in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. It had a moment magnitude of 6.1 and caused 540 fatalities.

The 1653 East Smyrna earthquake occurred on 23 February, with an estimated magnitude of 6.72±0.3 Mw and a maximum felt intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale.

The 1939 Erzincan earthquake struck eastern Turkey at 1:57:23 a.m. on 27 December local time with a moment magnitude of 7.8 Mw and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XII (Extreme). This was one of the largest in a sequence of violent shocks to affect Turkey along the North Anatolian Fault between 1939 and 1999. Surface rupturing, with an horizontal displacement of up to 3.7 meters, occurred in a 360 km long segment of the North Anatolian Fault Zone. The earthquake was the most severe natural loss of life in Turkey in the 20th century, with 32,968 dead, and some 100,000 injured.

The 1859 Erzurum earthquake occurred at 10:30 on 2 June. It had a magnitude of 6.1 and a maximum intensity of IX on the Mercalli intensity scale, causing 15,000 casualties. The earthquake destroyed much of the city of Erzerum.

The 1983 Erzurum earthquake occurred in northeastern Turkey on 30 October 1983 at 07:12 local time. It had a moment magnitude of 6.6 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). Reuters reports that about 1340 people have died and 50 settlements in the provinces of Erzurum and Kars have been demolished by the earthquake.

Gökmedrese or Gök Medrese, is a 13th-century Anadolu Selçuklu medrese, in Tokat, Turkey. This splendid piece of Seljuk architecture for years hosted the "Tokat Müzesi", an archaeological and ethnographical museum, until that moved in 2012 to a location in the bedesten area.

The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians is a 2005 non-fiction book by Donald Bloxham, published by Oxford University Press (OUP), about the Armenian Genocide. Bloxham concludes that the Armenian Genocide was planned by the Ottoman government.

The 1952 Hasankale earthquake occurred at 08:03 local time on 3 January in Hasankale in Erzurum Province, Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of 5.8 and a maximum felt intensity of VIII (Severe) on the Mercalli intensity scale, causing 41 casualties. This spot has been the subject of studies due to the amount of earthquakes that occur in Turkey. 17% of earthquakes, globally, occur in this area. This is because the Alpide belt crosses through Turkey. The earthquakes are cause when the plates try to slide past each other on a transform boundary.

An Independence Tribunal was a court invested with superior authority and the first were established in 1920 during the Turkish War of Independence in order to prosecute those who were against the system of the government. Eight such courts were established. They were located in Ankara, Eskişehir, Konya, Isparta, Sivas, Kastamonu, Pozantı, and Diyarbakır. All but the Ankara court were terminated in 1921.

Karasi Sanjak, was one of the first sanjaks of the Ottoman Empire established around 1341 and disestablished after signing the Treaty of Lausanne.

The Battle of Kars was the largest battle of the Turkish-Armenian War. The battle was between the Turkish Revolutionaries operating under the command of the newly formed Grand National Assembly of Turkey (TBMM) and the Democratic Republic of Armenia. After launching a massive assault on the city, the Turkish Army re-captured the city of Kars after losing it just a few months before. The whole battle took place on 20 October 1920.

The 1926 Kars earthquake occurred at 21:59 local time on 22 October. It had a surface wave magnitude of 6.0 and a maximum felt intensity of IX (Violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale, causing 360 casualties.

The Battle of Kirk Kilisse or Battle of Kirkkilise or Battle of Lozengrad was part of the First Balkan War between the armies of Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire. It took place on 24 October 1912, when the Bulgarian army defeated an Ottoman army in Eastern Thrace.

The 1938 Kırşehir earthquake occurred at 12:59 local time on 19 April. It had an estimated surface wave magnitude of 6.7 and a maximum intensity of IX (Violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale, causing 224 casualties.

During the Gallipoli campaign in 1915, several battles were fought near the village of Krithia which is from the Greek "Krithari" which means Barley. The village was an objective of the first day of the landing, 25 April 1915. Over the following months, invading British Empire and French troops, who had landed near Cape Helles at the end of the peninsula, made several attempts to capture the village. It was never reached; the Turkish defenders successfully repulsed every assault.

The 1951 Kurşunlu earthquake occurred at 18:33 GMT on 13 August near Kurşunlu, Çankırı Province, Central Anatolia Region, Turkey. The earthquake was one of a series of major and intermediate quakes that have occurred in modern times along the North Anatolian Fault since 1939.

Misak-ı Millî is the set of six decisions made by the last term of the Ottoman Parliament. Parliament met on 28 January 1920 and published their decisions on 12 February 1920.

The 1912 Mürefte earthquake occurred at 03:29 local time on 9 August. It had an estimated magnitude of 7.4 Mw and a maximum intensity of X (Extreme) on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale, causing from 216–3000 casualties.

The 1942 Niksar–Erbaa earthquake in Turkey occurred at 16:03 local time on 20 December. It had an estimated surface wave magnitude of 7.0 and a maximum felt intensity of IX (Violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale, causing 3,000 casualties.

Nutuk was a speech delivered by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk from 15 to 20 October 1927, at the second congress of Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi. The speech covered the events between the start of the Turkish War of Independence on 19 May 1919, and the foundation of the Republic of Turkey, in 1923. It took thirty-six hours to be read by Atatürk, and became a foundation of Kemalist historiography.

The Ottoman–Persian War of 1775–1776 was fought between the Ottoman Empire and the Zand dynasty of Persia. The Persians, ruled by Karim Khan and led by his brother Sadeq Khan Zand, invaded southern Iraq and after besieging Basra for a year, took the city from the Ottomans in 1776. The Ottomans, unable to send troops, were dependent on the Mamluk governors to defend that region.

The 1924 Pasinler earthquake occurred at 16:34 local time on 13 September in Pasinler, Erzurum, Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. It had a surface wave magnitude of 6.8 and reached a maximum felt intensity of IX (Violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale, causing 60 casualties.

The Principality of Suleyman or the Principality of Qulb was the Kurdish principality that ruled the Silvan and Qulb regions from the 15th century until1838. Süleyman Bey (Silivânî) comes from the name of a Kurdish noble family and consists of the Kurdish pronunciation of the name "Süleyman", which is the name of the administrative unit, rather than the town itself.

Şahkulu also known as Shah-Qoli Baba, Shahqoli Baba, or Karabıyıkoğlu, was the leader of the pro-Shia and pro-Safavid uprising in Anatolia – the Şahkulu Rebellion – directed against the Ottoman Empire in 1511. He was viewed as a Messiah and Prophet by his followers. His death in battle signified the end of the uprising. He is buried in Amasya.

The Siege of Kulaca Hisar or Raid of Kulaca Hisar was a battle fought between Byzantium and the Turkish forces under the command of Osman Bey in 1285.

The 1688 Smyrna earthquake occurred at 11:45 on 10 July. It had an epicenter close to Izmir, Turkey. It had an estimated magnitude of 7.0 Ms, with a maximum felt intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale, and caused about 16,000 casualties.

The Sultanahmet demonstrations were a series of rallies in 1919 held in Istanbul to protest the occupation of the Ottoman Empire following the Armistice of Mudros, especially the occupation of Izmir by Greek forces after the First World War. The largest of the demonstrations took place in Sultanahmet on 23 May 1919, with 200,000 people attending.

The Supreme Electoral Council is the highest electoral authority in Turkey. It was established by the Deputies Election Law no. 5545 on 16 February 1950. After the 1960 coup, the Supreme Electoral Council gained constitutional authority by the Constitution of 1961. Its duty is to ensure that the principles and rules of the constitution are upheld.

The 1943 Tosya–Ladik earthquake occurred at 00:20 local time on 27 November, near Tosya, Kastamonu Province, in northern Turkey. The earthquake had an estimated moment magnitude of 7.5 and a maximum felt intensity of between IX–X on the Mercalli intensity scale.

The 1941 Van–Erciş earthquake occurred at 23:53 local time on 10 September. It had an estimated surface wave magnitude of 5.9 and a maximum intensity of VIII (Severe) on the Mercalli intensity scale. The earthquake has caused estimated casualties of between 190 and 430 people and also 600 buildings have collapsed.

The 1966 Varto earthquake occurred on 19 August with a moment magnitude of 6.8 a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). At least 2,394 were killed and up to 1,500 people were injured in the town of Varto in the Muş Province of eastern Turkey.

The 1946 Varto–Hınıs earthquake occurred at 05:12:46 local time on 31 May. The earthquake had an estimated moment magnitude of 5.9 and a maximum felt intensity of VIII (Severe) on the Mercalli intensity scale, causing between 800 and 1300 casualties.

Vatan ve Hürriyet was a small, secret revolutionary society of reformist officers opposed to the autocratic regime of Ottoman sultan Abdul Hamid II in the early 20th century. It was started by Mustafa Cantekin while in exile in Syria. The future founder of the Republic of Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, joined the group in 1905 as a young lieutenant in the Ottoman army in Damascus.