WOn 8 November 2016, the Government of India announced the demonetisation of all ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series. It also announced the issuance of new ₹500 and ₹2,000 banknotes in exchange for the demonetised banknotes. Prime Minister Narendra Modi claimed that the action would curtail the shadow economy and reduce the use of illicit and counterfeit cash to fund illegal activity and terrorism.
WThe Aachen penny of Charlemagne, a Carolingian silver coin, was found on 22 February 2008 in the foundations of the Palatine Chapel in Aachen, during archaeological work in the northeastern bay of the hexadecagon. This is the first discovery of coinage from the time of Charlemagne at Aachen.
WAxe-monies refer to bronze artifacts found in both western Mesoamerica and the northern Andes. Based on ethnohistorical, archaeological, chemical, and metallurgical analyses, the scholars Hosler, Lechtman and Holm have argued for their use in both regions through trade. In contrast to naipes, bow-tie- or card-shaped metal objects which appear in the archaeological record only in the northern Andean coastal region, axe-monies are found in both Mesoamerican and Andean cultural zones. More specifically, it is argued that the system of money first arose on the north coast of Peru and Ecuador in the early second millennium CE. In both regions, bronze was smelted, likely by family units, and hammered into thin, axe-shaped forms and bundled in multiples of five, usually twenty. As they are often found in burials, it is likely that in addition to their presumed economic use, they also had ceremonial value.
WBitcoin is a cryptocurrency, a digital asset designed to work as a medium of exchange that uses cryptography to control its creation and management, rather than relying on central authorities. The history of bitcoin started with the invention and was implemented by the presumed pseudonymous Satoshi Nakamoto, who integrated many existing ideas from the cypherpunk community. Over the course of bitcoin's history, it has undergone rapid growth to become a significant currency both on- and offline. From the mid-2010s, some businesses began accepting bitcoin in addition to traditional currencies.
WBullet money or bullet coins, known in Thai as photduang, were a type of coinage historically used in Siam (Thailand) and its predecessor kingdoms. They were almost exclusively made of silver, in the form of a bar bent into a roundish shape, and stamped with certain marks. Photduang were issued according to the baht system of weights, known by Westerners as the tical, which is the basis of the modern Thai currency. Their earliest common use is from the Sukhothai Kingdom, and they were used by Ayutthaya and its successor kingdoms Thonburi and Rattanakosin, up until 1904, when their use was discontinued in favour of flat coinage.
WCanada has an extensive history with regard to its currencies. Prior to European contact, indigenous peoples in Canada used items such as wampum and furs for trading purposes, which continued when trade with Europeans began.
WCard money is a type of fiat money printed on plain cardboard or playing cards, which was used at times as currency in several colonies and countries from the 17th century to the early 19th century. Where introduced, it was often followed by high rates of inflation.
WThe history of coins, concerning the development over time of coins, stretches back to the first millenium BC/BCE. It took some time before ancient coins were used for commerce and trade; even the smallest-denomination coins would have been too valuable for buying a loaf of bread. Since that time, coins have been the most universal embodiment of money. Silver and gold coins are the most common and universally recognized coins throughout history to this day.
WThe euro came into existence on 1 January 1999, although it had been a goal of the European Union (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s. After tough negotiations, particularly due to opposition from the United Kingdom, the Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating an economic and monetary union by 1999 for all EU states except the UK and Denmark.
WThe Gesellschaft für Internationale Geldgeschichte is a non-profit organisation incorporated in Frankfurt am Main in Germany, dedicated to scientific research in history of money and medal science.
WA gold rush or gold fever is a discovery of gold—sometimes accompanied by other precious metals and rare-earth minerals—that brings an onrush of miners seeking their fortune. Major gold rushes took place in the 19th century in Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, South Africa, the United States, and Canada while smaller gold rushes took place elsewhere.
WThe history of the taka refers to the history of currency known as taka, tanka, tanga, tangka, tenge and tenga in many countries. The origin of the word is from the Turkic Tamgha. The currency is used in Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. It was also used in Tibet and Arakan.
WThe currency of Indonesia, the rupiah, has a long history that stretches back to colonial period. Due to periods of uncertain economy and high inflation, the currency has been re-valued several times.
WMuseum Reksa Artha is a history museum located in Jakarta, Indonesia.
WThe tenge is the currency of Kazakhstan. It is divided into 100 tiyn. The ISO-4217 code is KZT.
WThe tenga was the currency of Kokand until 1876. Silver tenga circulated with copper pul and gold tilla. There was no fixed relationship between the three denominations. The Russian ruble replaced the Pul, Tenga and Tilla.
WLat money refers to the bar-shaped coinage minted and used as currency in the kingdom of Lan Xang and its successor kingdoms of Vientiane, Luang Prabang, and Champasak. "Lat" is a Lao abbreviation for "talat" or "market," referring to the small denomination currency which may also be referred to as "boat money" or "Ngern Heua." The bar-shaped coinage of Lan Xang could be differentiated according to shape, weight, metal, alloy, and mint marks.
WThe history of the Rupee traces back to ancient Indian subcontinent. The mention of rūpya by Panini is seemingly the earliest reference in a text about coins. The term in Indian subcontinent was used for referring to a coin.
WThe use of historical money in Tibet started in ancient times, when Tibet had no coined currency of its own. Bartering was common, gold was a medium of exchange, and shell money and stone beads were used for very small purchases. A few coins from other countries were also occasionally in use.
WThe tangka was a currency of Tibet until 1941. It was subdivided into 15 skar or 1+1⁄2 sho and, from 1909, it circulated alongside the srang, worth 10 sho.
WThe withdrawal of a country's lowest-denomination coins from circulation may either be through a decision to remove the coins from circulation, or simply through ceasing minting.